Ruby, a precious gemstone variety of corundum, is renowned for its rich red color and exceptional hardness. Composed of aluminum oxide with trace amounts of chromium, rubies boast a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, second only to diamonds. They exhibit a vitreous to adamantine luster and can range from transparent to translucent, with a high refractive index that contributes to their brilliance and dispersion. Rubies crystallize in the trigonal system, often forming hexagonal prisms with rhombohedral terminations. They are also characterized by their good thermal insulation and poor electrical conductivity. Prized for their durability and beauty, rubies are a popular choice for fine jewelry and are sourced from various regions around the world, with notable deposits in Myanmar, Thailand, and Africa.










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